• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Research
    • Markets & Technologies
    • Raw Materials
    • Top Companies
    • Directories
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Microsites
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Research
  • Markets & Technologies
  • Raw Materials
  • Top Companies
  • Directories
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Microsites
  • Current / Back Issues
    Features
    Business Corner
    Editorial
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    World Reports
    eBook
    Top Features
    Marine Coatings Market is Focusing on Efficiency, Decarbonization

    Biocides Regulation Impacting Coatings in the United States: An Overview

    High Performance and Special Effect Pigments Update

    Industrial Coatings Market Sees Strong Recovery

    Biocides Market Outlook - 2027
    Breaking News
    Online Exclusives
    Distributor News
    Financial News
    Paint & Coatings Manufacturer News
    People In the News
    Price Increases
    Product News
    Raw Materials & Equipment
    Video Bites
    Suppliers News
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    Axalta: Red Continues as Most Preferred Car Color of Consumers in Mexico

    Ashland Completes Sale of Land in Ajax, Canada

    Chemours Begins Commissioning New Sand Mine in Clay County, FL

    Evonik Increases Production Capacities for ACEMATT Matting Agents

    ACC Names Mitchell Toomey New VP of Sustainability and Responsible Care
    Top Companies report
    Market Research
    White Papers / Tech Papers
    Technical Papers
    Product Spec Sheets
    World Reports
    Adhesives and Sealants
    Aerospace Coatings
    Architectural Coatings
    Automotive Coatings
    Automotive Refinish
    Business Operation
    Color Trends & Forecast
    Construction Chemicals
    Corrosion Control
    Industrial Coatings
    Laboratory Equipment
    Marine Coatings
    Market Trends & Forecast
    Powder Coatings
    Production Equipment
    Radcure Coatings
    Special Purpose Coatings
    Wood Coatings
    "Green" Coatings

    Axalta Highlights Automotive Color Preferences in Mexico

    Axalta: Red Continues as Most Preferred Car Color of Consumers in Mexico

    PPG, Glidden Both Select Vining Ivy as 2023 Color of the Year

    The BEHR & KILZ Brands Partner with Leanne Ford to Revitalize Her Historic American Home

    Ingevity to Acquire Pavement Marking Materials Business, Ozark Materials
    Additives
    Binders
    Pigments
    Solvents

    Evonik Increases Production Capacities for ACEMATT Matting Agents

    Nouryon Enters into Exclusive Agreement with Brenntag Specialties

    IGM Resins Acquires Litian

    The ChemQuest Technology Institute Enters Agreement with Universal Matter

    Sasol Chemicals Earns ISCC Certification
    Company Capabilities
    Buyers Guide
    Distributor Guide
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Clariant Additives

    W. R. Grace & Co.

    Shepherd Color Company, The

    Pilot Chemical Company

    Siltech Corporation
    Industry Events
    Webinars
    Live From Show Event
    Top Events
    Metropolitan New York Coatings Association (MNYCA) Annual Golf Outing

    Asia Pacific Coatings Show 2022

    Asia Pacific Coatings Show

    2022 Pacific Coatings Show

    64th Polyurethanes Technical Conference
    Companies
    White Papers/Tech Papers
    Product Spec Sheets
    Equipment
    Literature/Brochures
    Videos
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Clariant Additives

    W. R. Grace & Co.

    Shepherd Color Company, The

    Pilot Chemical Company

    Siltech Corporation
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issues
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Business Corner
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Directories
      • Buyers Guide
      • Distributor Guide
      • Corporate Capabilities
      • Trade Associations
      • Add Your Company
    • Markets & Technologies
      • Adhesives and Sealants
      • Aerospace Coatings
      • Architectural Coatings
      • Automotive Coatings
      • Automotive Refinish
      • Business Operation
      • Color Trends & Forecast
      • Construction Chemicals
      • Corrosion Control
      • Industrial Coatings
      • Laboratory Equipment
      • Marine Coatings
      • Market Trends & Forecast
      • Powder Coatings
      • Production Equipment
      • Radcure Coatings
      • Special Purpose Coatings
      • Wood Coatings
      • "Green" Coatings
    • Raw Materials
      • Additives
      • Binders
      • Pigments
      • Solvents
    • World Reports
      • Africa Report
      • India/Asia Pacific Report
      • China Report
      • Europe Report
      • Latin America Report
      • Market Research
      • Russian Report
    • Top Companies
    • Online Exclusives
    • Slideshows
    • Experts Opinions
    • Blog
    • eBook
    • Infographics
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Whitepapers
    • Jobs
    • Microsites
      • Companies
      • White Papers/Tech Papers
      • Product Spec Sheets
      • Equipment
      • Literature/Brochures
      • Videos
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Event
      • Webinars
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Features

    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products

    ...

    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Figure 1. Hardness scales.
    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Figure 2. Acid insoluble weight percent of various 3 µm calcium carbonate grades.
    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Photo 1. Pin-modified rotor.
    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Figure 3. Abrasion comparison of 3 µm and 20 µm dry ground calcium carbonates.
    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Figure 4. Abrasion comparison of 3 µm products.
    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Figure 5. Particle sizes of acid insoluble silica fractions.
    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Figure 6. Micrographs of 20 µm and 3 µm acid insoluble fractions from Marble Hill, GA marble and Marble Falls, TX limestone. These photos are the acid insolubles (silica and silicate) composition of the calcium carbonate ore source.
    Abrasion Characteristics Of Ground Calcium Carbonate Products
    Figure 7. Statistical correlation for acid insoluble amount and particle size.
    Related CONTENT
    • Lab & Testing Equipment Directory
    • Union Process Announces Combination Lab Attritor
    • BYK: New Dimension in High Throughput Screening
    • Union Process Unveils New Website
    • BYK-Gardner Launches VMA-Getzmann TORUSMILL
    Lane Shaw and David Yu, Director of Technology & Business Development and Technology Manager of Plastics and Polymers for Huber Carbonates09.01.18
    GCC and Abrasivity

    Abrasion characteristics of any material are a function of hardness, concentration and particle size.

    Hardness is typically measured on the Mohs scale, where a diamond is 10 and talc is 1 (Figure 1). A higher Mohs hardness will scratch or abrade a material with a lower number. Calcium carbonate is a soft mineral with a Mohs hardness of 3.

    Since ground calcium carbonate is a naturally mined material, impurities are present as they are in all ore bodies.

    Almost all contain some dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) with a Mohs of 4, while others contain mica (Mohs 3) or graphite (Mohs 1-2). None of these softer minerals are of concern for abrasion.

    However, almost all GCC has some silica (Mohs 7) present. This may or may not present a concern depending on the concentration and its particle size, as we discuss in greater detail later.

    Finally, the particle size of the GCC is an important parameter. Coarse-grit sandpaper is far more abrasive than fine-grit sandpaper, even though the grit is composed of the same material. Therefore, the median particle size and distribution of the GCC is critical, as is the particle size and distribution of the impurity.

    There are several ways to deal with silica content in the production of GCC. Many ore bodies produce very white GCC but are high in silica. To address this, ores are first milled to a 20-45 µm particle size and undergo froth floatation. In this process, the GCC is slurried with water and a floatation chemical that binds to the silica. Air is bubbled through the mixture and the froth that forms carries the silica with it while the GCC sinks. While not 100% effective, it does remove the majority of the silica. Since the product is already wet, economies of ultra-fine grinding favor wet milling to the desired particle size.

    If required by application, the GCC slurry is then dried, which is an energy intensive process.

    An alternative production method is to start with an ore body with inherently low silica and dry mill it as found. This production method usually results in a slightly less bright product but has favorable economics.

    Experimental

    Various 3 µm GCC products were obtained from producing locations in the U.S. All products were mined from ore in that geographic region with the state identified. The exception is “CAR” which is Caribbean sourced ore that was milled at Huber’s GCC manufacturing facility in Quincy, IL. The products were measured for acid insolubles (primarily silicas and silicates). Most exhibited a low level of acid insolubles, whether wet ground (WG) or dry ground (DG), reflecting the underlying quality of the ore deposit or the efficiency of the wet floatation process (Figure 2). The obvious exception is the Hubercarb® M3 calcium carbonate produced in Marble Falls, TX. This sample was selected as a lot on the very high side of the acid insoluble range encountered during normal operations.

    To examine the abrasivity of GCC products, the samples from various ore sources and milling methods throughout North America were tested. A Brabender® torque rheometer with #6 rotors was modified with a removable soft brass (D65 hardness) pin through one of the rotors (Photo 1).

    A standard twin screw, tin-stabilized high fill (30 phr calcium carbonate) PVC pipe recipe was run for 16,000 cycles. To minimize the effects of PVC thermal degradation, 10 runs of 20 minutes each was required with 80 rpm rotor speed for each data point.

    Examining the effect of GCC particle size with a fixed ore source, a comparison of Hubercarb G3 (3 µm median) with Hubercarb G260 (20 µm median) calcium carbonate from Marble Hill, Georgia, clearly shows that the larger particle size calcium carbonate abrades more than the finer one, as would be expected (Figure 3).

    When all 3 µm products were compared for abrasion, there did not appear to be a wide data spread (Figure 4). It did not make a significant difference as to the ore source or the grinding method. The products from ore sources low in acid insolubles (like Hubercarb W3N calcium carbonate) tended to be on the low end of the range, and those with high acid insolubles (Hubercarb M3 calcium carbonate) tended to be on the high end of the range, but the Alabama wet ground material was also at the upper end of the narrow range despite a lower amount of acid insolubles.

    The data points out an inconsistency because the expected result of the Hubercarb M3 calcium carbonate would be high abrasion. However, this study backed up experimental evidence where the Marble Falls, TX, Hubercarb M3 calcium carbonate has been used for decades without abrasion issues.

    To further explore this inconsistency, a study of the particle sizes of the actual acid insoluble (silica fraction) was undertaken. The acid insoluble fraction of each product was measured for particle size (Figure 5). In all GCC products, except one, the median size of the acid insoluble fraction exceeded that of the GCC. This is logical since the GCC products are either dry or wet centrifugally classified and the density of silica (2.65 g/cc) is essentially the same as calcium carbonate (2.71 g/cc). Being the harder of the two materials, silica will be less likely to fracture and results in a slightly larger particle size.

    The exception was the Hubercarb M3 calcium carbonate grade from Marble Falls, which had a median particle size of only 1.2 microns. As demonstrated earlier, a finer particle sized material of a given hardness results in lower abrasion. Thus, the relative higher amount of silica in HuberCarb  M3 is offset by its very fine particle size.

    Morphology

    Scanning electron microscopy of the silica fractions was informative. The micrographs (Figure 6) show both the 20 µm and 3 µm median D(50) acid insoluble fractions from the Marble Hill, GA, marble and the Marble Falls, TX, limestone. These clearly show the silica fraction from Georgia as well defined crystals which would be resistant to fracture. However, the Texas material appears porous and friable. It is simple to visualize how easily it would fracture into much smaller particles.

    When all factors are taken into account, a statistical correlation to both the amount and particle size of the acid insoluble was developed (Figure 7). A good correlation with an R2 of 0.89 resulted.

    Summary

    In summary, when evaluating the abrasion characteristics of a naturally occurring mineral, one must take into consideration both the abrasivity of the mineral and of the impurities. Abrasion is a function of concentration, hardness and particle size of the material and/or impurity. A mineral with a high concentration of a hard impurity is not necessarily more abrasive. It is also highly dependent on the particle size of the impurity. 
    Related Searches
    • minerals
    • silica
    • chemical
    Suggested For You
    Lab & Testing Equipment Directory Lab & Testing Equipment Directory
    Union Process Announces Combination Lab Attritor Union Process Announces Combination Lab Attritor
    BYK: New Dimension in High Throughput Screening BYK: New Dimension in High Throughput Screening
    Union Process Unveils New Website Union Process Unveils New Website
    BYK-Gardner Launches VMA-Getzmann TORUSMILL BYK-Gardner Launches VMA-Getzmann TORUSMILL
    Union Process Develops Attritor for Inks, Coatings Supplier Union Process Develops Attritor for Inks, Coatings Supplier
    Sun Chemical Releases Winter 2021 Regulatory Newsletter Sun Chemical Releases Winter 2021 Regulatory Newsletter
    Pigment Supplier Directory Pigment Supplier Directory
    Pilot Chemical Promotes Calfax Product Line Pilot Chemical Promotes Calfax Product Line
    Superior Materials, Inc. Huber Carbonates, LLC  Announce Distribution, Agency Partnership Superior Materials, Inc. Huber Carbonates, LLC Announce Distribution, Agency Partnership
    Huber Carbonates, LLC Announces New Distribution Partnerships Huber Carbonates, LLC Announces New Distribution Partnerships
    Colors & Effects Unveils Lumina Royal Exterior Blue Russet S6903D Colors & Effects Unveils Lumina Royal Exterior Blue Russet S6903D
    Pigment Supplier Directory Pigment Supplier Directory
    Cimbar Names Landels Director Distribution/Key Accounts Manager Cimbar Names Landels Director Distribution/Key Accounts Manager
    PX - Analyst Trims PT as Merger with Linde Faces Regulatory Concerns in EU PX - Analyst Trims PT as Merger with Linde Faces Regulatory Concerns in EU

    Related Features

    • Lab & Testing Equipment Directory

      Lab & Testing Equipment Directory

      Here is a look at the latest offerings from select lab and testing equipment suppliers.
      05.11.21

    • Breaking News | Laboratory Equipment | Suppliers Corner
      Union Process Announces Combination Lab Attritor

      Union Process Announces Combination Lab Attritor

      Company said it brings greater levels of speed and efficiency to the media grinding process.
      05.05.21

    • Additives | Breaking News | Industry News
      BYK: New Dimension in High Throughput Screening

      BYK: New Dimension in High Throughput Screening

      BYK doubles capacity in application technology.
      04.20.21


    • Breaking News | Industry News | Production Equipment
      Union Process Unveils New Website

      Union Process Unveils New Website

      The new website features a modern, streamlined design, improved functionality, and more readily accessible information, according to the company.
      03.17.21

    • Breaking News | Production Equipment | Suppliers Corner
      BYK-Gardner Launches VMA-Getzmann TORUSMILL

      BYK-Gardner Launches VMA-Getzmann TORUSMILL

      Uses a single, closed-container for both pre-dispersion with an impeller disk, and subsequent milling with an integrated basket mill.
      02.25.21

    Loading, Please Wait..
    Trending
    • Jotun Exits Russia
    • Sherwin-Williams’ TERRA: Embracing Community & Connection In 2023
    • Nouryon Enters Into Exclusive Agreement With Brenntag Specialties
    • Evonik Increases Production Capacities For ACEMATT Matting Agents
    • HGTV Home By Sherwin-Williams Announces 2023 Color Collection Of The Year
    Breaking News
    • Axalta: Red Continues as Most Preferred Car Color of Consumers in Mexico
    • Ashland Completes Sale of Land in Ajax, Canada
    • Chemours Begins Commissioning New Sand Mine in Clay County, FL
    • Evonik Increases Production Capacities for ACEMATT Matting Agents
    • ACC Names Mitchell Toomey New VP of Sustainability and Responsible Care
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    July/August 2022

    • Marine Coatings Market is Focusing on Efficiency, Decarbonization
    • Biocides Regulation Impacting Coatings in the United States: An Overview
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    Herbalist and Alchemist Celebrates 40th Anniversary, Announces Expansion
    BASF Venture Capital and Aqua-Spark invest in Sea6 Energy
    Lauren Aronson Joins Amin Talati Wasserman, LLP
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    Axalta: Red Continues as Most Preferred Car Color of Consumers in Mexico
    Ashland Completes Sale of Land in Ajax, Canada
    Chemours Begins Commissioning New Sand Mine in Clay County, FL
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    Study: RhinAer Treatment Improves Chronic Rhinitis Symptoms
    CE Mark Granted for IVF Decision Support Tool
    FDA Approves Full-Body MRI Compatibility With Inspire Therapy
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    GenScript Launches Expedited mRNA Service
    American Regent Acquires HBT Labs
    Grand River Aseptic Manufacturing Completes Phase II Expansion
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    The Estée Lauder Companies Delivers Strong Results in Fiscal 2022
    Fastest-Growing Consumer Product Companies in the U.S.
    Winky Lux is Among the Top 20 Fastest-Growing Beauty Companies
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Hume Vegan Probiotic Deodorants Enters First Personal Care Collaboration with Vuori
    Full Year Net Sales Increase 9% for The Estée Lauder Companies
    Meaningful Beauty Expands Retail Distribution into Ulta Stores
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    DuPont Selects 2022 Lavoisier and Pedersen Award Medalists
    Chemours Begins Commissioning Newest Sand Mine in Clay County, FL
    Marabu to Present Safe Inks for Indirect Contact with Food at K 2022
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Colordyne brings single-pass hybrid printing to Labelexpo Americas
    Schreiner MediPharm's vial labeling system in use for Octapharma
    Labelexpo Americas to highlight digital press launches
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    INDA Appoints Director of Membership and Industry Relations
    Nexwear Acquires Incontinence Products Brand Lily Bird
    Because Market Expands into Retail Stores
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    FDA Clears Accelus' Toro-L Interbody Fusion System
    FDA OKs VySpine's VyPlate Anterior Cervical Plates
    Moximed Raises $40M for Knee OA Shock Absorber Implant
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    DuPont Names 2022 Lavoisier and Pedersen Award Medalists
    Photonic Glasses Give Solar Panels Pleasing Colors
    SEMI Appoints John Cooney to Lead Global Advocacy and Public Policy

    Copyright © 2022 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login