• Login
    • Join
  • FOLLOW:
  • Subscribe Free
    • Magazine
    • eNewsletter
    Checkout
    • Magazine
    • News
    • Research
    • Markets & Technologies
    • Raw Materials
    • Top Companies
    • Directories
    • Jobs
    • Events
    • Microsites
    • More
  • Magazine
  • News
  • Research
  • Markets & Technologies
  • Raw Materials
  • Top Companies
  • Directories
  • Jobs
  • Events
  • Microsites
  • Current / Back Issues
    Features
    Business Corner
    Editorial
    Digital Edition
    eNewsletter Archive
    Our Team
    Editorial Guidelines
    Subscribe Now
    Advertise Now
    World Reports
    eBook
    Top Features
    Additives Update

    Pigment Supplier Directory

    Interior Architectural Coatings

    Biocides Update

    Powder Coatings Market
    Breaking News
    Online Exclusives
    Distributor News
    Financial News
    Paint & Coatings Manufacturer News
    People In the News
    Price Increases
    Product News
    Video Bites
    Raw Materials & Equipment
    Suppliers News
    Live From Shows
    Top News
    IGL Coatings Launches Graphene Reinforced Dual System Ceramic Coating

    Miller Paint Declares Simple Serenity its 2021 Color of the Year

    TAUBMANS Paint by PPG Releases ‘Chromatic Joy’ Palettes

    Huntsman Finalizes Acquisition of Gabriel Performance Products

    PPG Completes COLORFUL COMMUNITIES Project at School in A. Bangsaothong Samutprakarn, Thailand
    Top Companies report
    Market Research
    White Papers / Tech Papers
    Technical Papers
    Product Spec Sheets
    World Reports
    Adhesives and Sealants
    Aerospace Coatings
    Architectural Coatings
    Automotive Coatings
    Automotive Refinish
    Business Operation
    Color Trends & Forecast
    Construction Chemicals
    Corrosion Control
    Industrial Coatings
    Laboratory Equipment
    Marine Coatings
    Market Trends & Forecast
    Powder Coatings
    Production Equipment
    Radcure Coatings
    Special Purpose Coatings
    Wood Coatings
    "Green" Coatings

    IGL Coatings Launches Graphene Reinforced Dual System Ceramic Coating

    Miller Paint Declares Simple Serenity its 2021 Color of the Year

    TAUBMANS Paint by PPG Releases ‘Chromatic Joy’ Palettes

    Datacolor Introduces High-Efficiency Benchtop Spectrophotometer Series, Spectro 1000/700

    Zeppelin Acquires MTI Mischtechnik
    Additives
    Binders
    Pigments
    Solvents

    Huntsman Finalizes Acquisition of Gabriel Performance Products

    LANXESS Acquires Biocides Specialist INTACE

    dar-tech, inc. Becomes U.S. Midwestern Distributor for ZS Interpolymer

    OQ Chemicals Announces Carboxylic Acids Price Increase

    AOC Announces Price Increase
    Buyers Guide
    Company Capabilities
    Distributor Guide
    Add New Company
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    ROSS Mixers

    Pilot Chemical Company

    Siltech Corporation

    Eagle Specialty Products

    Shepherd Color Company, The
    Industry Events
    Webinars
    Live From Show Event
    Top Events
    The Waterborne Symposium (2021)

    Surface Finishing Mexico 2021

    PCI Powder Coating Week

    Southern Society for Coatings Technology Annual Meeting and Technical Conference

    Coatings for Africa
    Companies
    White Papers/Tech Papers
    Product Spec Sheets
    Equipment
    Literature/Brochures
    Videos
    International Buyers Guide Companies
    Active Minerals

    ROSS Mixers

    Shepherd Color Company, The

    Eagle Specialty Products

    Keim Additec Surface USA LLC
    • Magazine
      • Current / Back Issues
      • Features
      • Editorial
      • Business Corner
      • Digital Edition
      • eNewsletter Archive
      • Editorial Guidelines
      • Subscribe Now
      • Advertise Now
    • Breaking News
    • Directories
      • Buyers Guide
      • Distributor Guide
      • Corporate Capabilities
      • Trade Associations
      • Add Your Company
    • Markets & Technologies
      • Adhesives and Sealants
      • Aerospace Coatings
      • Architectural Coatings
      • Automotive Coatings
      • Automotive Refinish
      • Business Operation
      • Color Trends & Forecast
      • Construction Chemicals
      • Corrosion Control
      • Industrial Coatings
      • Laboratory Equipment
      • Marine Coatings
      • Market Trends & Forecast
      • Powder Coatings
      • Production Equipment
      • Radcure Coatings
      • Special Purpose Coatings
      • Wood Coatings
      • "Green" Coatings
    • Raw Materials
      • Additives
      • Binders
      • Pigments
      • Solvents
    • World Reports
      • Africa Report
      • China Report
      • India/Asia Pacific Report
      • Europe Report
      • Latin America Report
      • Market Research
      • Russian Report
    • Top Companies
    • Online Exclusives
    • Slideshows
    • Experts Opinions
    • Blog
    • eBook
    • Infographics
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Whitepapers
    • Jobs
    • Microsites
      • Companies
      • White Papers/Tech Papers
      • Product Spec Sheets
      • Equipment
      • Literature/Brochures
      • Videos
    • Events
      • Industry Events
      • Live From Show Event
      • Webinars
    • About Us
      • About Us
      • Contact Us
      • Advertise With Us
      • Privacy Policy
      • Terms of Use
    Technical Papers

    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi

    ...

    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Figure 1: Color of UV absorbers as supplied.
    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Figure 2: UV absorbance profile of the most commonly used UV absorbers in coatings.
    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Table 1: Key features of commonly used UV Absorbers (UVA1, UVA2 & UVA3) in automotive refinish clearcoats. UVA4 represents a commonly used UV Absorber in automotive OEM clearcoats and UVAX refers to the new UVA target.
    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Table 2: Color measurement (C*) of 2% UV absorber (on solid binder) in an automotive acrylic clearcoat.
    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Table 3: Equipment settings for WoM and QUV accelerated weathering tests.
    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Graph 1: Color measurement (C*) of 2% UV absorber (on binder solids) in the “polyol” formulation of a 2K-PU clearcoat, typically used in automotive refinish clearcoats. (Instrument used: spectrophotometer Minolta 3600a)
    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Graph 2: Color change (∆E) in 2K-PU clearcoat on white basecoat - QUV-B exposure (Dosage 2% on binder solids).
    Enhancing Automotive Coating Performance with State-of- the-Art Light Stabilizers and Surface Modifi
    Graph 3: Determination of contact angle with sessile drop method; wax content 4% in water-based acrylic system. (Source: Clariant Technical Center BU Additives)
    Related CONTENT
    • Clariant
    • Brenntag North America
    • Intermediate Chemicals Co. Ltd. (Arabian Zinc)
    • Improving Pigment Dispersion and Paint Stability with Versatile Amino Alcohols
    • Clariant Expanding Maleic Anhydride Catalyst Production in China
    Dr. Mouhcine Kanouni and Tobias Niederleitner, Market Manager Coatings, Performance Additives, USA and Global Technical Segment Manager, Advanced Surface Solutions, Germany09.30.19
    Coatings in the automotive industry are essential and everywhere. Coatings not only give the body the desired color, but also provide weathering protection to UV-light exposed parts as well as a smooth finish to interior surfaces. Newly developed additives used for light stabilization and surface modification help to enhance the appearance and the durability of these coatings.

    Outdoor durability of OEM and refinish topcoats has always been an important focus area throughout the automotive coating industry. The topcoat weathering requirements must meet more and more stringent market standards as coatings technology is evolving as well. However, automotive refinish topcoats have additional challenges, not relevant for the OEM topcoats due to the application processes.

    Surely, there is no high-temperature bake for automotive refinish contrary to OEM coatings which restricts the resin technology enormously. Other challenges are found in the form of dust pick up, silicone contamination of the paint booth that would cause fish-eyes in the coating, irregularities in coating thickness due to multiple layer application, and finally the concept of improved in-can color.

    UV Filter Properties and In-Can Color

    The in-can color of an automotive refinish topcoat can be defined as the color of the clearcoat observed through the can by the paint applicator. This property is well known in the automotive refinish industry and is a challenge in all regions of the world. Applicators will always prefer a low in-can color clearcoat and will very often consider this as a key criteria to select their clearcoat suppliers. 

    The impact of in-can color on the weathering performance of an automotive topcoat is not intuitive. After all, the main factor influencing the in-can color is the UV absorber component of the topcoat. Indeed, the resins, which are by far the most important components of the topcoat have practically no impact on in-can color contrary to the UV absorber.

    In a long-term study Clariant's coatings expert aimed to develop a unique UV absorber solution for automotive refinish clearcoats, enabling an improvement in weathering performance while keeping the paint in-can color at lowest level compared to current market standard.

    Currently there are three types of UV absorbers used in automotive clearcoats, with each one having its own advantages and disadvantages , (Table 1 and Figure 1).

    To understand the yellowing impact from each individual UV absorber on the in-can color properties in the formulation, Figure 2 represents the different absorbance curves for each UV absorber.

    Referring to Figure 2, in theory oxalanilide UVAs should have the lowest initial color due to their UV absorbance being furthest away from the visible light spectrum (below 375 nm) when compared to other UV Absorbers.

    However, referring back to Figure 1, it is clear from UVA4 (triazine) that the rationale of this theory is not supported at all times.

    Table 2 refers to C* values, adding additional support to this rationale.

    In the study, Clariant developed UVAX, an innovative UV absorber solution that exhibits the best in-can color properties, as is shown in C* measurements in Graph 1.

    Weathering Tests

    The next step of the study was to determine the weathering performance of the standard UV absorbers in a 2K-PU automotive clearcoat applied over a white basecoat and compare them to the newly developed (not yet commercialized) product UVAX. For the accelerated weathering tests, a xenon-arc artificial weathering instrument and the QUV-B exposure test were applied. In Table 3, the standardized methods and equipment settings are summarized for both accelerated weathering tests.

    At the time this article was written, only 1000 hours exposure data were available. No significant differences in gloss among the tested products were observed for both accelerated weathering tests with such a short interval. With regard to color change (∆E), also no big difference was noticed with Weather-Ometer (WoM) exposure among the tested products; however, a clear trend could be observed in QUV-B at this interval, as shown in Graph 2.

    Lower In-Can Color and Improved Durability

    In a long-term study, Clariant aimed to develop a high-performing UV absorber solution for automotive refinish clearcoats. Selected criteria for high performance compared to currently used UV absorbers were lower in-can color and improved weathering performance. Based on the results shown primarily in Graphs 1 and 2, we demonstrated that with our newly developed UV absorber solution, a lower in-can color can be achieved along with improved durability. Accelerated weathering tests in WoM and QUV-B are still running up to 3000 hours to validate the results already compiled and illustrated in Graph 2.

    Modification of Surface Appearance

    Besides the long-lasting appearance of topcoats, smooth and scratch resistant automotive interiors are crucial for a pleasant driving-experience. For the modification of surfaces, additives are widely used in the coatings industry.

    Mainly synthetic waxes play an important role for different kind of variations. Especially micronized waxes or polymers are able to provide a pleasant hand feeling. Clariant’s solutions, called Ceridust®, are very finely-micronized powder waxes, available in a particle size range between five to thirty micrometers. The additives are based on PE or oxidized PE wax, PP wax, Amide wax, FT wax, Montan wax, PTFE or Specialty waxes including renewable sources.

    Creating the Feature Needed

    Our wax portfolio can fulfill a car manufacturer’s requirements such as a glossy or matt appearance of interior car surfaces. With Ceridust 2740 TP the properties of liquid coatings can be influenced in such a way to meet those demands, while enabling a transparent protection of the coating. Also, smoothness and a pleasant haptic feel are key topics for automotive interiors, and here Ceridust 2740 TP contributes with the very narrow particle size distribution for an even and smooth finish. Last but not least, with the addition of this additive the robustness of the coating is influenced by increased scratch-resistance and higher chemical resistance. Ceridust 2740 TP can also be used in powder coatings, where it shows excellent degassing behavior and acts as a processing aid. The loosened and free-flowing nature of the powder allows easy incorporation in liquid or 100% UV systems.

    Beyond that, it shows an anti-blocking effect for fast production cycles or easy storage handling.

    Modified Natural Waxes Can Outperform Standard Waxes

    Besides the conventional and commercially available standard wax compositions, the recent development of renewable additives opens a new field for automotive refinish coatings. Clariant has different approaches concerning sustainability. On the one hand, the specialty chemicals company has launched engineered waxes based on crude rice bran wax. And on the other hand, polymers based on saccharides with different molecular weight and particle sizes have been developed. These sustainable additives provide multiple new performance benefits. Ceridust 1060 TP is fully based on chemically upgraded rice bran wax, which is a non-food competing by-product of the rice oil production. The properties of this highly-functionalized micronized wax make it predestined for use in water-based systems. Therefore, it helps to reduce VOC emissions in automotive interiors. Next to very effective matting, slip modification and increased scratch-resistance, Ceridust 1060 TP generates an excellent
    smooth finish.

    The majority of automotive interior plastic parts are made of PP. But wooden parts are sometimes used to complement dashboards with a natural element. In order to achieve a uniformly fine structured surface with a pleasant touch like natural wood, Ceridust 8090 can be used. The finer grade Ceridust 8091 creates even a warmer and smoother surface. The additives for highly durable water-based industrial coatings, based on polysaccharide, can outperform conventional wax additives in terms of their scratch-resistance performance. Furthermore, they provide an effective protection against unintended polishing and thus support keeping a matt finish. In some systems, like illustrated in Graph 3, the renewable Ceridust solutions show a better water repellent effect than standard waxes. 
    Related Searches
    • color
    • polymers
    • powder
    • silicone
    Suggested For You
    Clariant Clariant
    Brenntag North America Brenntag North America
    Intermediate Chemicals Co. Ltd. (Arabian Zinc) Intermediate Chemicals Co. Ltd. (Arabian Zinc)
    Improving Pigment Dispersion and Paint Stability with Versatile Amino Alcohols Improving Pigment Dispersion and Paint Stability with Versatile Amino Alcohols
    Clariant Expanding Maleic Anhydride Catalyst Production in China Clariant Expanding Maleic Anhydride Catalyst Production in China
    High Performance Pigments Market High Performance Pigments Market
    Clariant Grows Sales, Operating Cash Flow in First Half Year 2019 Clariant Grows Sales, Operating Cash Flow in First Half Year 2019
    Clariant Focusing on Core High Value Specialty Businesses Clariant Focusing on Core High Value Specialty Businesses
    Nokxeller Microdispersions Nokxeller Microdispersions
    Chromaflo Technologies Hires Territory Sales Manager Chromaflo Technologies Hires Territory Sales Manager
    New Axalta Report Unveils Color Trends Shaping the Automotive Industry New Axalta Report Unveils Color Trends Shaping the Automotive Industry
    54. ICP Group 54. ICP Group
    Polymers & Coatings Summer 2019 Short Course Polymers & Coatings Summer 2019 Short Course
    Industrial Coatings Industrial Coatings
    Event Info Event Info

    Related Technical Papers

    • Evaluating High-Gloss, Direct-to-Metal, FEVE-Based Waterborne Coatings

      Evaluating High-Gloss, Direct-to-Metal, FEVE-Based Waterborne Coatings

      ...
      Donald C. Lawson III, AGC Chemicals Americas, Inc. 07.06.20

    • Understanding Chemical Resistance in Epoxy System

      Understanding Chemical Resistance in Epoxy System

      ...
      Shiying Zheng and Peter A. Lucas, Evonik Corporation 06.15.20

    • Redox Optimization for  Emulsion Polymer Chase:  New Approach to Reduce VOCS, Cycle Time, and Cost

      Redox Optimization for Emulsion Polymer Chase: New Approach to Reduce VOCS, Cycle Time, and Cost

      ...
      Paul C. Fithian, Lindsay K. Holsen, Melissa A. Schwartz, Jessica Linker, BruggemannChemical U. S., Inc., Essential Polymers, L. Brüggemann GmbH & Co. KG 04.15.20


    • Color My World! New Tools For Improving Colorant Acceptance in Waterborne  Architectural Coatings

      Color My World! New Tools For Improving Colorant Acceptance in Waterborne Architectural Coatings

      ...
      Ingrid K. Meier, K. Michael Peck, and Christine Louis , Evonik Corporation 03.13.20

    • Next Generation Matting Agents for Highly Durable Waterborne Coatings

      Next Generation Matting Agents for Highly Durable Waterborne Coatings

      ...
      Alexander Kröger, Matthias Märcz, Steve Broadwater, Feng Gu, W. R. Grace 02.19.20

    • Development of Superior Blocked High-Performance Prepolymers Utilizing Low Monomer Technology

      Development of Superior Blocked High-Performance Prepolymers Utilizing Low Monomer Technology

      George Brereton, Zhenya Zhu, Polina Ware, and Gerald King, Lanxess Corporation, Naugatuck, CT, USA, and Lanxess Corporation, Latina Italy 01.20.20


    • Biotechnology Meets Coatings Preservation

      Biotechnology Meets Coatings Preservation

      Enhancing and Reducing Biocide Use While Expanding Markets
      Steve McDaniel, Brittney M. McInnis, Jonathan D. Hurt, , Lisa K. Kemp, Tyler W. Hodges 12.11.19

    • EPR Achievements: The case of paint  in the U.S.

      EPR Achievements: The case of paint in the U.S.

      ...
      Product Stewardship Institute: Scott Cassel and Kristin Aldred Cheek, CEO and Founder and Director of Policy & Programs 11.11.19

    • Extending the Life of Dry-Film Coatings by Selecting the Right Preservative Systems

      Extending the Life of Dry-Film Coatings by Selecting the Right Preservative Systems

      ...
      Cecilia McGough, Thomas Sames and Heidi Carr, LANXESS Corporation, Pittsburgh, PA,USA 09.30.19


    • Improving Pigment Dispersion and Paint Stability with Versatile Amino Alcohols

      Improving Pigment Dispersion and Paint Stability with Versatile Amino Alcohols

      ...
      R. Severac and Y. Fernandes, ANGUS Chemical Company, Argenteuil, France 09.03.19

    • Low-VOC  Coalescents

      Low-VOC Coalescents

      Effect on Film Formation, Dirt Pick-Up Resistance and Surfactant Leaching
      Juliane P. Santos, Natália F. Paula, Robson A. Pagani, Rafael A. Caldato, Raquel da Silva and Silmar B. Barrios, Oxiteno Indústria S.A., Sao Paulo, Brazil 08.09.19

    • Carbon Capture Coatings: Proof Of Concept Results And Call To Action

      Carbon Capture Coatings: Proof Of Concept Results And Call To Action

      ...
      Brittney M. McInnis, Jonathan D. Hurt, Steve McDaniel, Lisa K. Kemp, Tyler W. Hodges, and David R. Nobles Jr., Reactive Surfaces, The University Of Southern Mississippi, The University Of Alabama, and The University Of Texas 07.03.19


    • Higher Performance, Higher Solids – A New Platform for High-Solids Alkyds

      Higher Performance, Higher Solids – A New Platform for High-Solids Alkyds

      ...
      Jeffrey Arendt and Jun Kim, Arkema Coating Resins, USA 07.03.19

    • Microfibrillated Cellulose A Novel and Renewable Multifunctional Additive for Waterborne Coatings

      Microfibrillated Cellulose A Novel and Renewable Multifunctional Additive for Waterborne Coatings

      ...
      Otto Soidinsalo, Synnøve Holtan, Ali Moosavifar, Borregaard, Sarpsborg, Norway 05.31.19

    • Powder Coating Advances for Edge Corrosion Protection

      Powder Coating Advances for Edge Corrosion Protection

      ...
      Kathryn Shaffer, John Schneider, Holli Gonder, Cassandra Allen, Shawn Flegm, Lan Deng, Brian Woodworth, Susan Miller, PPG, Strongsville, OH 05.10.19

    Trending
    • AkzoNobel Proposes To Acquire Tikkurila For €31.25 Per Share
    • LANXESS Acquires Biocides Specialist INTACE
    • AkzoNobel Announces Share Buyback
    • Nouryon Renaming Industrial Chemicals Subsidiary Nobian
    • Raw Material Price Increases Pile Pressure On Paint Manufacturers
    Breaking News
    • IGL Coatings Launches Graphene Reinforced Dual System Ceramic Coating
    • TAUBMANS Paint by PPG Releases ‘Chromatic Joy’ Palettes
    • Miller Paint Declares Simple Serenity its 2021 Color of the Year
    • Huntsman Finalizes Acquisition of Gabriel Performance Products
    • PPG Completes COLORFUL COMMUNITIES Project at School in A. Bangsaothong Samutprakarn, Thailand
    View Breaking News >
    CURRENT ISSUE

    January 2021

    • Additives Update
    • Pigment Supplier Directory
    • Interior Architectural Coatings
    • View More >

    Cookies help us to provide you with an excellent service. By using our website, you declare yourself in agreement with our use of cookies.
    You can obtain detailed information about the use of cookies on our website by clicking on "More information”.

    • About Us
    • Privacy Policy
    • Terms And Conditions
    • Contact Us

    follow us

    Subscribe
    Nutraceuticals World

    Latest Breaking News From Nutraceuticals World

    Euromonitor Names Top Ten Trends for 2021
    Study Highlights Differences Between EPA's and DHA's Effect on Sleep
    BGG Obtains U.S. Patent on AstaZine Natural Astaxanthin for Heart Function During Exercise
    Coatings World

    Latest Breaking News From Coatings World

    IGL Coatings Launches Graphene Reinforced Dual System Ceramic Coating
    Miller Paint Declares Simple Serenity its 2021 Color of the Year
    TAUBMANS Paint by PPG Releases ‘Chromatic Joy’ Palettes
    Medical Product Outsourcing

    Latest Breaking News From Medical Product Outsourcing

    Eitan Medical Receives FDA Clearance for Sapphire Infusion System
    Researchers Successfully ‘Fine Tune’ New Thermoplastic Biomaterial
    RSIP Vision Announces Versatile Medical Image Segmentation Tool
    Contract Pharma

    Latest Breaking News From Contract Pharma

    Global Biosciences Co. Selects ValGenesis VLMS
    Eisai Appoints Chief Clinical Officer of Oncology Biz
    Nexelis Acquires GSK Vax Lab in Marburg
    Beauty Packaging

    Latest Breaking News From Beauty Packaging

    Top Beauty Brands in the World—And Most Loved Fragrances
    P&G Reports Q2 Results
    A Lacquering Technique Makes Very Good Girl by Carolina Herrera Shine
    Happi

    Latest Breaking News From Happi

    Ross Introduces Double Cone Tumble Blender
    Colonial Chemical Announces New Facility
    Ashland Acquires Schülke & Mayr's Personal Care Business
    Ink World

    Latest Breaking News From Ink World

    Morancé Soudure France Adds Comexi F2 MC 10-color Flexo Press
    THIMM Group Installs 1st Koenig & Bauer CorruFLEX
    Cowan Graphics Adds Fujifilm Inca OnsetX3 HS
    Label & Narrow Web

    Latest Breaking News From Label & Narrow Web

    Domino grows installation and service teams
    ABG keeps pace with demand with recruitment drive
    Acucote expands FSC-certified portfolio
    Nonwovens Industry

    Latest Breaking News From Nonwovens Industry

    First Quality Launches Incognito by Prevail
    Essity Launches Reusable Underwear Product
    Honeywell Delivered 225 Million Masks in December
    Orthopedic Design & Technology

    Latest Breaking News From Orthopedic Design & Technology

    DJO Acquires Trilliant Surgical
    FDA Breakthrough Device Designation Granted to Spiderwort's Spinal Cord Technology
    Bioventus Appoints SVP of Operations
    Printed Electronics Now

    Latest Breaking News From Printed Electronics Now

    UDC Subsidiary Adesis' Website Wins 2020 MarCom Platinum Award
    Roadsimple Modernizes Warehouse Ops with Zebra Technologies
    Graphene Flagship Launches Redesigned Website

    Copyright © 2021 Rodman Media. All rights reserved. Use of this constitutes acceptance of our privacy policy The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Rodman Media.

    AD BLOCKER DETECTED

    Our website is made possible by displaying online advertisements to our visitors.
    Please consider supporting us by disabling your ad blocker.


    FREE SUBSCRIPTION Already a subscriber? Login